WO2007127379A1 - Enhanced oligomeric polyols and polymers made therefrom - Google Patents
Enhanced oligomeric polyols and polymers made therefrom Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007127379A1 WO2007127379A1 PCT/US2007/010252 US2007010252W WO2007127379A1 WO 2007127379 A1 WO2007127379 A1 WO 2007127379A1 US 2007010252 W US2007010252 W US 2007010252W WO 2007127379 A1 WO2007127379 A1 WO 2007127379A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/36—Hydroxylated esters of higher fatty acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
- C08G18/7614—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring
- C08G18/7621—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring being toluene diisocyanate including isomer mixtures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2101/00—Manufacture of cellular products
Definitions
- Petroleum-derived polyols have been widely used in the manufacturing of polyurethane foams. Recently, however, there has been an increased interest in the use of renewable resources in the manufacturing of polymers such as polyurethanes. This has led to research into developing natural oil-based polyols that are suitable as full or as partial replacements for petroleum-derived polyols in polymers such as polyurethanes.
- One method of making a polyol from an unsaturated natural oil is to epoxidize the natural oil, followed by ring-opening of at least a portion of the epoxide groups to form pendant secondary hydroxy 1 groups.
- Ring-opening may be accomplished, for example, by reacting the epoxidized natural oil with a alcohol (e.g., methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., HBF 4 ).
- a catalyst e.g., HBF 4
- This synthetic route results primarily in the formation of secondary hydroxyl groups that are pendant from the natural oil.
- pendant secondary hydroxyl groups are useful in forming polyurethanes, it is desirable to provide natural oil-based polyols that have faster reactivity due to the presence of at least some primary hydroxyl groups in the polyol.
- the present invention relates to enhanced oligomeric polyols that are prepared from natural oils.
- the natural oil polyols may be used to make polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, polycarbonates, and the like.
- the natural oil polyol are useful in polyurethane polymers, such as polyurethane foams.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols are prepared by a method comprising the steps of: (a) providing an oligomeric polyol that comprises at least one glycerol fatty acid ester having at least one glycerol fatty acid ester bond; wherein at least
- natural oils examples include plant-based oils (e.g., vegetable oils) and animal fats.
- plant-based oils include soybean oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, tung oil, peanut oil, castor oil, jatropha oil, and combinations thereof.
- animal fats include fish oil, lard, and tallow.
- the oligomerization of the natural oil may be accomplished by chemical oligomerization (e.g., epoxidation and ring opening oligomerization) or by anaerobic thermal oligomerization (e.g., anaerobic heating to form a bodied oil).
- chemical oligomerization e.g., epoxidation and ring opening oligomerization
- anaerobic thermal oligomerization e.g., anaerobic heating to form a bodied oil.
- Cleaving at least a portion of the glycerol fatty acid ester bonds functions to introduce additional functionality (i.e., to "enhance" the functionality of the oligomeric fatty acid ester) into the oligomeric fatty acid ester.
- the cleaving reaction introduces primary hydroxyl functionality into the enhanced oligomeric polyols.
- cleaving reactions include reacting the oligomeric natural oil with a nucleophile.
- nucleophilic cleaving reactions include amidation and transesterification.
- Amidation involves reacting the oligomeric natural oil with an amine (e.g., a polyamine such as a diamine) or an alkanolamine (eg. ethanolamine).
- an amine e.g., a polyamine such as a diamine
- an alkanolamine eg. ethanolamine
- Transesterification involves reacting the oligomeric natural oil with a polyol (e.g., diol) compound. During transesterification, at least a portion of the ester groups that are present in the polyol compound react with at least a portion of the ester groups that are present in the oligomeric natural oil resulting in the formation of ester groups and hydroxyl groups.
- a polyol e.g., diol
- polyol refers to a molecule that has an average of greater than 1.0 hydroxyl groups per molecule. It may optionally include other functionalities.
- anaerobic thermal oligomerization refers to the process of oligomerizing a fatty acid ester (e.g., natural oil) by the application of heat under substantially anaerobic conditions.
- chemical oligomerization refers to the process of oligomerizing a fatty acid ester (e.g., natural oil) by a chemical process that includes creating cross-links between fatty acid chains by functionalizing (e.g., epoxidizing) at least a portion of the double bonds in the fatty acid ester and reacting (e.g., ring- opening) at least a portion of the functional groups to create cross-links.
- natural oil means a plant-based oil (i.e., a vegetable oil) or an animal fat.
- oligomer refers to two or more glyceride-based fatty acid ester monomer units that have been covalently bonded to one another by an oligomerizing reaction. Oligomers include dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher order oligomers. The term “oligomerized” refers to a material that comprises oligomers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
- the invention relates to polyols that are derived from natural oils, such as vegetable oils or animal fats.
- a starting composition comprising a natural oil is oligomerized by an oligomerization method such as chemical oligomerization or anaerobic thermal oligomerization.
- an oligomerization method such as chemical oligomerization or anaerobic thermal oligomerization.
- oligomerization After oligomerization, at least a portion of the glycerol fatty acid ester bonds in the oligomerized fatty acid ester are cleaved in order to introduce additional functionality into the polyol. Cleaving the fatty acid ester bonds may be accomplished, for example, by reaction with a nucleophile. Common nucleophilic reactions include amidation and transesterification.
- enhanced oligomeric polyols include: (a) amidated anaerobically thermally oligomerized polyols; (b) amidated chemically oligomerized polyols; (c) transesterified anaerobically thermally oligomerized polyols; and (d) transesterified chemically oligomerized polyols.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols are prepared by amidating an anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil.
- Such polyols may be made by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a natural oil; (b) anaerobically heating the natural oil so that it oligomerizes to form an anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil; and (c) amidating the anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil to form the enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols are prepared by amidating a chemically oligomerized natural oil.
- Such polyols may be made by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a natural oil; (b) chemically oligomerizing the natural oil so that it oligomerizes to form a chemically oligomerized natural oil; and (c) amidating the chemically oligomerized natural oil to form the enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols are prepared by transesterification of an anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil.
- Such polyols may be made by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a natural oil; (b) anaerobically heating the natural oil so that it oligomerizes to form an anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil; and (c) transesterifying the anaerobically thermally oligomerized natural oil to form the enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols are prepared by transesterifi cation of a chemically oligomerized natural oil.
- a polyol may be made by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a natural oil; (b) chemically oligomerizing the natural oil so that it oligomerizes to form a chemically oligomerized natural oil; and (c) transesterifying the chemically oligomerized natural oil to form the enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- Useful natural oil starting materials for the polyols of the invention include plant-based oils (e.g., vegetable oils) and animal fats.
- plant-based oils include soybean oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, tung oil, peanut oil, castor oil, jatropha oil, and combinations thereof.
- animal fats include fish oil, lard, and tallow.
- partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and genetically modified vegetable oils including high oleic safflower oil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, and high erucic rapeseed oil (crambe oil). These oils may be either crude or refined oils.
- the number of double bonds per molecule in a natural oil may be quantified by the iodine value (IV) of the oil.
- IV iodine value
- a vegetable oil having one double bond per molecule corresponds to an iodine value of about 28.
- Soybean oil typically has about 4.6 double bonds/molecule and has an iodine value of about 120 to about 140.
- Canola oil typically has about 4.1 double bonds/molecule and has an iodine value of about 115.
- iodine values for the vegetable oils will range from about 40 to about 240.
- vegetable oils having an iodine value greater than about 80, greater than about 100, or greater than about 1 10 are used.
- vegetable oils having an iodine value less than about 240, less than about 200, or less than about 180 are used.
- Useful natural oils typically comprise glycerides (e.g., mono, di, and triglycerides) of fatty acids that contain glycerol fatty acid ester bonds, which link the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule in the glyceride.
- the fatty acids may be saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids which may contain fatty acid chain lengths that typically range from about 12 carbons (i.e. C 12) to about 24 carbons (i.e., C24).
- Unsaturated fatty acids include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Common saturated fatty acids include lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid), palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), stearic acid (octadecanoic acid), arachidic acid (eicosanoic acid), and lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid).
- Common monounsaturated fatty acids include palmitoleic (a " C 16 unsaturated acid) and oleic (a C 18 unsaturated acid).
- Common polyunsaturated fatty acids include linoleic acid (a C 18 di-unsaturated acid), linolenic acid (a Cl 8 tri- unsaturated acid), and arachidonic acid (a C20 tetra-unsaturated acid).
- the triglyceride oils comprise fatty acids esters of glycerol where the fatty acids are randomly distributed on the three sites of the trifunctional glycerol molecule. Different triglyceride oils will have different ratios and distributions of fatty acids. The ratio of fatty acid for a given triglyceride oil will also vary depending upon such factors, for example, as where the crop is grown, maturity of the crop, weather during the growing season, etc.
- soybean oil contains a mixture of palmitic, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid in the ratio of about 4: 11 :24:53:8 .
- This translates into an average molecular weight of about 800 to 880 Da, an average number of double bonds of about 4.4 to about 4.7 per triglyceride, and an iodine value of about 120 to about 140.
- functionalized glycerol fatty acid esters may include hydroformylated oils (see, WO2005033167A2 Herrington et al.) which can function as an alcohol during oligomerization of glycerol, fatty acid esters, epoxidized oils (such as "FLEXOL” from Union Carbide), and partially epoxidized oils (including for example those described in WO2005033167 A2 Herrington et al.), unsaturated oils, polyunsaturated oils, epoxidized oils that have been partially or fully ring-opened with a nucleophile (e.g., partially or fully epoxidized vegetable oil reacted with MeOH in the presence of an acid catalyst).
- hydroformylated oils see, WO2005033167A2 Herrington et al.
- epoxidized oils such as "FLEXOL” from Union Carbide
- partially epoxidized oils including for example those described in WO2005033167 A2 Herrington e
- oligomeric fatty acid ester useful in the present invention.
- the process of making oligomeric fatty acid esters from fatty acid ester compositions includes the use of a chemical compound, an energy source, or a combination thereof.
- Representative examples of oligomerization methods include:
- a hydroxyl-functional fatty acid ester with a hydroxyl- reactive crosslinking agent, for example, a diisocyanate (e.g., toluene diisocyanate), diacid, diester, bis-(2-chloroethylsulfone), bis-(2- chloroethyl)sulfoxide, bis-(2-chloroethyl)ether, 1 ,3-butadienediepoxide, epoxidized vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof.
- a diisocyanate e.g., toluene diisocyanate
- diacid e.g., diester
- bis-(2-chloroethylsulfone) bis-(2- chloroethyl)sulfoxide
- bis-(2-chloroethyl)ether 1,3-butadienediepoxide, epoxidized vegetable oil, and mixtures thereof.
- oligomerization of the fatty acid ester is the result of the creation of crosslinks at the sites of ethylidenyl groups in the fatty acid chains of the fatty acid esters.
- the crosslinks typically form between at least one of the carbons forming the ethylidenyl group and (a) a fatty acid ester on the same glycerol backbone (intracrosslink); (b) a fatty acid ester on a different glycerol fatty acid ester molecule (intercrosslink); (c) a polyfunctional crosslinking agent (e.g., a petrochemical or biologically derived polyol); and (d) combinations of (a), (b), and (c).
- a polyfunctional crosslinking agent e.g., a petrochemical or biologically derived polyol
- the two carbon atoms that formed the ethylidenyl group in the fatty acid ester no longer will share a carbon-carbon double bond.
- these two carbon atoms will either both be bound to an oxygen, or they will individually form new carbon-carbon bonds (e.g., carbon-carbon single bonds or carbon-carbon double bonds).
- * is used to denote the position of an original carbon atom in the ethylidenyl group in the bonding structure.
- the natural oil comprising fatty acid esters are thermally oligomerized under anaerobic conditions to form an oligomeric fatty acid ester.
- Natural oils thermally oligomerized under anaerobic conditions are referred to as bodied oils.
- anaerobic conditions it is meant that the fatty acid ester is oligomerized in the absence of a substantial amount of molecular oxygen or air.
- Anaerobic heating is typically conducted in a vacuum or in an atmosphere of an inert gas. In many embodiments, nitrogen gas is used as the inert gas. A steam sparge may also be used. The use of anaerobic conditions substantially reduces or prevents the formation of hydroperoxides and/or aldehydes in the oligomerized fatty acid ester.
- the carbon-carbon double bonds that are present in the fatty acid portions of the natural oil react with one another to form crosslinks.
- the crosslinks may be intramolecular (i.e., between fatty acids esterified to the same glycerol molecule) or intermolecular (i.e., between fatty acids esterified to different glycerol molecules). Intermolecular crosslinks result in the formation of oligomers in the thermally oligomerized natural oil, for example, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher order oligomers. Cyclic intercrosslinks and intracrosslinks may also be formed as the result of Diels-Alder reactions.
- the natural oil In order to oligomerize the fatty acid ester, it is heated in an anaerobic atmosphere until it reaches the desired degree of oligomerization.
- the natural oil may be heated at a temperature of between about 100° C to about 400° C for a time ranging from about 2 hours to about 24 hours. The temperature and time used will depend on the type of fatty acids that are present in the natural oil and the desired extent of oligomerization.
- Heat bodied oils are synthesized by subjecting a natural oil (e.g., linseed oil or soybean oil) to high temperatures (e.g., 200 0 C to 400 0 C) under anaerobic conditions for several hours.
- a catalyst e.g., acids or metallic catalysts
- Temperatures greater than about 300 0 C are typically employed, but oligomerization of the natural oils can also begin to occur even at lower temperatures, especially with the use of catalysts.
- the bodying reaction is run under reduced pressure to remove volatiles that are formed during the reaction. The volatiles are sometimes removed by sparging the oil with nitrogen or steam during the reaction.
- the extent of oligomerization can be determined, for example, by measuring the increase in viscosity of the natural oil.
- the thermally oligomerized fatty acid ester will contain residual double bonds. That is, in some embodiments, not all of the double bonds react when the fatty acid ester is oligomerized to form the thermally oligomerized fatty acid ester.
- the amount of double bonds can be determined by measuring the iodine value of the thermally oligomerized fatty acid ester.
- the iodine value (IV) for a compound is the amount of iodine that reacts with a sample of a substance, expressed in centigrams iodine (I 2 ) per gram of substance (eg Vgram).
- the IV of the thermally oligomerized natural oil will typically depend on the IV of the starting natural oil, and also the extent to which the natural oil is oligomerized. For soybean oil, it is typical for the IV to start at about 125-130 and to reach about 90 after thermal oligomerization. Additional details pertaining to thermally oligomerized natural oils may be found, for example, in the following publications:
- the natural oil is chemically oligomerized. Any known method may be used to chemically oligomerize the natural oil.
- oligomerization of a fully or partially epoxidized natural oil is achieved by ring-opening oligomerization, for example, as reported in U.S. Patent Application No. 2006/0041157Al ; and in PCT Publication Nos. WO2006/012344A1 and WO2006/116456.
- Ring-opening oligomerization may be conducted by reacting an epoxidized natural oil with a ring-opener in the presence of a ring-opening acid catalyst. The components are described in more detail below.
- the epoxidized natural oils may be partially or fully epoxidized.
- Partially epoxidized natural oil may include at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40% or more of the original amount of double bonds present in the oil.
- the partially epoxidized natural oil may include up to about 90%, up to about 80%, up to about 75%, up to about 70%, up to about 65%, up to about 60%, or fewer of the original amount of double bonds present in the oil.
- Fully epoxidized natural oil may include up to about 10%, up to about 5%, up to about 2%, up to about 1%, or fewer of the original amount of double bonds present in the oil.
- a partially epoxidized or fully epoxidized natural oil may be prepared by a method that comprises reacting a natural oil with a peroxyacid under conditions that convert a portion of or all of the double bonds of the oil to epoxide groups.
- peroxy acids include peroxyformic acid, peroxyacetic acid, trifluoroperoxyacetic acid, benzyloxyperoxyformic acid, 3,5-dinitroperoxybenzoic acid, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, peroxyformic acid or peroxyacetic acid are used.
- the peroxyacids may be added directly to the reaction mixture, or they may be formed in-situ by reacting a hydroperoxide with a corresponding acid such as formic acid, benzoic acid, fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), or acetic acid.
- a hydroperoxide such as formic acid, benzoic acid, fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), or acetic acid.
- hydroperoxides examples include hydrogen peroxide, tert-butylhydroperoxide, triphenylsilylhydroperoxide, cumylhydroperoxide, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, hydrogen peroxide is used.
- the amount of acid used to form the peroxyacid ranges from about 0.25 to about 1.0 moles of acid per mole of double bonds in the vegetable oil, more typically ranging from about 0.45 to about 0.55 moles of acid per mole of double bonds in the vegetable oil.
- the amount of hydroperoxide used to form the peroxy acid is about 0.5 to about 1.5 moles of hydroperoxide per mole of double bonds in the vegetable oil, more typically about 0.8 to about 1.2 moles of hydroperoxide per mole of double bonds in the vegetable oil.
- an additional acid component is also present in the reaction mixture.
- additional acids include sulfuric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fluoroboric acid, Lewis acids, acidic clays, or acidic ion exchange resins.
- a solvent may be added to the reaction.
- Useful solvents include chemically inert solvents, for example, aprotic solvents. These solvents do not include a nucleophile and are non-reactive with acids. Hydrophobic solvents, such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, are particularly desirable. Representative examples of suitable solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, isohexane, pentane, heptane, and chlorinated solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride). In an exemplary embodiment, toluene is used as the-solvent. Solvents may be used to reduce the speed of reaction or to reduce the number of side reactions. In general, a solvent also acts as a viscosity reducer for the resulting composition.
- the reaction product may be neutralized.
- a neutralizing agent may be added to neutralize any remaining acidic components in the reaction product.
- Suitable neutralizing agents include weak bases, metal bicarbonates, or ion-exchange resins. Examples of neutralizing agents that may be used include ammonia, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, amines, and resins, as well as aqueous solutions of neutralizing agents.
- the neutralizing agent will be an anionic ion- exchange resin.
- a suitable weakly-basic ion-exchange resin is sold under the trade designation "LEWATIT MP-64" (from Bayer).
- the solid neutralizing agent may be removed from the epoxidized vegetable oil by filtration.
- the reaction mixture may be neutralized by passing the mixture through a neutralization bed containing a resin or other materials.
- the reaction product may be repeatedly washed to separate and remove the acidic components from the product.
- one or more of the processes may be combined in neutralizing the reaction product. For example, the product could be washed, neutralized with a resin material, and then filtered.
- excess solvents may be removed from the reaction product (i.e., fully epoxidized vegetable oil).
- the excess solvents include products given off by the reaction, or those added to the reaction.
- the excess solvents may be removed by separation, vacuum, or other method.
- the excess solvent removal will be accomplished by exposure to vacuum- Useful fully-epoxidized soybean oils include those commercially available under the trade designations EPOXOL 7-4 (from American Chemical Systems) and FLEXOL ESO (from Dow Chemical Co.).
- a ring-opening catalyst is used.
- the acid catalyst is fluoroboric acid (HBF 4 ).
- the acid catalyst is typically present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.3% by weight, more typically ranging from about 0.05% to about 0.15% by weight based upon the total weight of the reaction mixture.
- a ring-opener is also included in the reaction mixture.
- Various ring-openers may be used including alcohols, water (including residual amounts of water), and other compounds having one or more nucleophillic groups. Combinations of ring- openers may be used.
- the ring-opener is a monohydric alcohol. Representative examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol (including n- propanol and isopropanol), and butanol (including n-butanol and isobutanol), and monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol (e.g., methyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, and the like).
- the alcohol is methanol.
- the ring-opener is a polyol.
- polyol When the resulting polyol is to be used in flexible polyurethane foams, it is generally preferred to use polyols having about 2 or less hydroxyl groups per molecule.
- polyol ring-openers include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1 ,3-propanediol, butylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol.
- the ring-opening reaction is conducted with a ratio of ring-opener to epoxide that is less than stoichiometric in order to promote oligomerization of the epoxidized natural oil.
- epoxidized soybean oil ESBO
- methanol a ring-opening catalyst, for example, fluoroboric
- the molar ratio of methanol to fully epoxidized soybean oil will range from about 0.5 to about 3.0, more typically ranging from about 1.0 to about 2.0. In an exemplary embodiment, the molar ratio of the methanol to the epoxidized soybean oil ranges from about 1.3 to about 1.5.
- the fully epoxidized soybean oil has an
- EOC epoxide oxygen content
- the ring- opening reaction is preferably stopped before all of the epoxide rings are ring- opened.
- the activity of the catalyst decreases over time during the ring-opening reaction. Therefore, the ring-opening catalyst may be added to the reactive mixture at a controlled rate such that the reaction stops at (or
- the ring-opening reaction may be monitored using known techniques, for example, hydroxyl number titration (ASTM El 899-02) or EOC titration (AOCS Cd9-57 method).
- the residual epoxy oxygen content (EOC) of the polyol may be different.
- the residual EOC may range from about 0.01% to about 3.5%, for example, about 0.2% to about 3.0%, about 0.5% to about 2.0%, or about 0.8% to about 1.5%.
- EOC epoxy oxygen content
- the oligomerized natural oil comprises about 40% weight or greater oligomers (including dimers, trimers, and higher order oligomers).
- the oligomeric polyol comprises about 35% to about 45% weight monomeric polyol and about 55% to about 65% weight oligomers (e.g., dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher order oligomers).
- the oligomerized natural oil comprises about 35% to about 45% weight monomeric polyol, about 8% to about 12% weight dimerized polyol, about 5% to about 10% weight trimerized polyol, and about 35% weight or greater of higher order oligomers.
- Oligomerization may be controlled, for example, by catalyst concentration, reactant stoichiometry, and degree of agitation during ring-opening. Oligomerization tends to occur to a greater extent, for example, with higher concentrations of catalyst or with lower concentration of ring-opener (e.g., methanol).
- ring-opener e.g., methanol
- any unreacted methanol is typically removed, for example, by vacuum distillation. Unreacted methanol is not desirable because it is a monofunctional species that will end-cap the polyisocyanate during the polyurethane forming reaction.
- the resulting polyol is typically filtered, for example, using a 50 micron bag filter in order to remove any solid impurities.
- chemical oligomerization may also be achieved by oligomerizing a natural oil in the presence of a Bronsted or Lewis acid catalyst as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,160,572 and 2,365,919.
- Another technique for chemical oligomerization involves cationically catalyzed ring-opening of an epoxidized fatty acid ester. Oligomerization by this method is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0041 157Al .
- oligomeric fatty acid esters comprise intercrosslinks, which may be either direct crosslinks between two carbon atoms or through a crossl inking agent.
- intercrosslinks may be either direct crosslinks between two carbon atoms or through a crossl inking agent.
- two glycerol fatty acid ester molecules are bound via an intercrosslink formed between two fatty acid molecules it may be described as a "dimer”.
- oligomeric fatty acid ester will comprise dimers, trimers, as well as higher oligomers.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester can be further processed to separate out a desired species of oligomer, for instance to separate the dimers by known fractionation methods, such that a substantially homogenous oligomeric fatty acid ester product is formed.
- fractionation methods include solvent fractionation and chromatography.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a peroxide value (PV) that is about 50 or less.
- Peroxide value may be measured, for example, using AOCS Cd 8b-90. In other embodiments, the peroxide value is about 40 or less, or about 30 or less, or about 20 or less, or about 10 or less.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has residual epoxide groups. In some embodiments, the oligomeric fatty acid ester has residual olefin groups. In some embodiments, the oligomeric fatty acid ester has both residual epoxide groups and residual olefin groups. Useful ranges for residual epoxide or olefin groups will vary depending on the type of natural oil used, the extent of epoxidation of the natural oil, and the final use of the enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- residual double bonds due to only partial epoxidation of the vegetable oil may range from about 0 to about 75% of the starting double bonds in the vegetable oil, and residual epoxide content can range from about 0 to about 6.0 EOC%.
- Unsaturation may be measured by iodine value (IV), for example, using the method reported in AOCS Cd 1-25 method. E0C% can be measured using the method reported in AOCS Cd 9-57.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester includes at least about 40% weight oligomers (oligomer herein meaning greater than a single glycerol fatty acid ester, for example a dimer). In some embodiments, the oligomeric fatty acid ester includes at least about 50% weight oligomers (e.g., based on integration of the peaks in a GPC). In general, the unsaturated or saturated oligomeric polyols may have a range of desired characteristics depending upon various parameters including the components used, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, and the concentration of the ring opener.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a number average molecular weight (Mn) that is greater than about 1000 Da (e.g., based on integration of the peaks in a GPC). In other embodiments, the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a number average molecular weight (Mn) that ranges from about 1500 to about 6000 Da. Typically, the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 2000 Da to about 20,000 Da.
- the polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of the oligomeric fatty acid ester ranges from about 1 to about 15, more typically about 1 to about 6.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has hydroxyl functionality.
- the hydroxyl equivalent weight typically ranges from about 500 to about 2000, determined from the number average molecular weight and number average functionality.
- the resulting oligomeric polyols will have a hydroxyl number from about 10 mg KOH/g to about 300 mg KOH/g.
- the oligomeric polyol will have a hydroxyl number at least about 20 mg KOH/g or higher, or at least about 30 mg KOH/g or higher, or at least about 40 mg KOH/g or higher, or at least about 50 mg KOH/g or higher.
- the oligomeric polyol will have a hydroxyl number about 200 mg KOH/g or lower, or about 180 mg KOH/g or lower, or about 150 mg KOH/g or lower, or about 100 mg KOH/g or lower, or about 80 mg KOH/g or lower, or about 60 mg KOH/g or lower.
- Optimal ranges for hydroxyl number are dependent on ultimate use of the polyol.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has hydroxyl functionality
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) about 10 or less, for example, about 9 or less, about 8 or less, about 7 or less, about 6 or less, about 5 or less, about 4 or less, about 3 or less, about 2 or less.
- the number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) ranges from about 0.9 to about 3.0.
- the number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) is about 1.0 or greater, or about 1. 5 or greater.
- Oligomerization causes the viscosity of the fatty acid ester to increase as oligomers are formed.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester has a viscosity of about 20 Pa-s (20,000 cps) or less, more typically about 5 Pa-s (5000 cps) to about 15 Pa-s (15,000 cps), when measured at 25° C.
- cleaving reaction may be accomplished, for example, by reaction with a nucleophile (e.g., transesterification and amidation), thiolation, hydrogenation, or by combinations of these processes. These processes may be conducted by chemical or enzymatic routes.
- the fatty acid ester bonds are cleaved by amidation or transesterification reactions.
- glycerol fatty acid ester bond is cleaved enzymatically a variety of enzymes may be used.
- the use of enzymes may enable the reaction to be carried out under mild condition.
- Two types of enzymes that may be used in such reactions are lipases and esterases (e.g., NOVOZYM 435, a lipase from the organism Candida antarctica from Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
- cleavage of the glycerol fatty acid ester bonds will depend upon the desired properties (e.g., hydroxyl number, functionality, molecular weight) in the enhanced oligomeric polyol as well as the functionality of the cleaving reagent (e.g., if ethylene glycol is used as the reagent and a low hydroxyl number (e.g., ⁇ 50) is needed, the amount of ethylene glycol used will be small, resulting in low levels of transesterification).
- the benefits of the present invention is the ability to control the hydroxyl number and the functionality of the resulting polyol.
- oligomerization and transesterification reactions are performed in a single reaction vessel and, in some embodiments, using the same catalyst for both the oligomerization and the transesterification reactions.
- epoxidized soybean oil is ring-opened and oligomerized using ethylene glycol.
- a second portion of ethylene glycol is added and the oligomerized soybean oil is transesterified with ethylene glycol to form a polyol of the invention.
- the extent of epoxidation of the glycerol fatty acid ester need not be driven to completion thereby leaving residual double bonds in the fatty acid esters and in the final enhanced oligomeric polyols.
- Another alternative process is to intentionally not ring-open all the epoxide functionalities thereby leaving residual epoxide functionalities that are retained in the final oligomerized polyol if transesterification is performed under basic conditions.
- the amine groups in the polyamine react with the ester linkages that are present in the oligomeric fatty acid ester (i.e., glycerol fatty acid ester bonds) causing the ester groups to cleave and resulting in the formation of amide groups and hydroxyl groups.
- the alcohol groups in the polyol react with the ester linkages that are present in the oligomeric fatty acid ester (i.e., glycerol fatty acid ester bonds) causing the ester groups to cleave and resulting in the formation of ester groups and hydroxyl groups.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester and the polyamine or polyol are typically reacted at a temperature of about 50 0 C to about 250 0 C (typically 100°-200°C) for a time period ranging from about 1 to about 24 hours (typically about 3 to about 10 hours).
- a catalyst may be used to increase the rate of reaction.
- catalysts include tin catalysts, alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, or enzymes.
- Representative alkali catalysts include NaOH, KOH, sodium and potassium alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium propoxide, sodium butoxide), and DMC catalysts.
- Representative acid catalysts include sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfonic acids.
- One useful catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate (e.g., commercially available under the trade designation "FASCAT 4350".
- the catalyst is added in an amount that ranges from about 0.1% to about 5% weight (typically about 0.1% to about 1% weight) of the reactants. In some embodiments, the catalyst is added in several batches during the amidation reaction.
- the step of cleaving at least a portion of the glycerol fatty acid ester bonds is accomplished by reacting the oligomeric fatty acid ester with a nucleophile.
- a nucleophile examples include water, alcohols (e.g., monoalcohols, dialcohols, and polyalcohols), sugar alcohols, amines (e.g., monoamines, diamines, and polyamines), alkanolamines (e.g., monethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine), thiols, combinations thereof, and mixtures thereof.
- the nucleophile may also be a functionalized glycerol fatty acid ester (including for example polyols derived from plant and animal fats).
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester is reacted with a nucleophile selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, amine-terminated polyethers, 1 ,2-propandiol, 1,3- propandiol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1 ,2- cyclohexanediol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, ethoxylated triols, propoxylated triols, poly (1,4- butanediol), 2,3-dihydroxydioxane, 1,4-dimethylolbenzene, glycerol, polyglycerol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, 1,1,2- trimethylolethane, castor oil, e
- Useful polyamine compounds for amidation include diamine compounds fitting the general formula:
- R is an organic group, for example, an aliphatic group or an aromatic group.
- diamines examples include polyalkylene glycol diamines, for example, polypropylene glycol diamines, polyethylene glycol diamines; ethylene diamine; 1 ,3-propanediamine; and 1 ,4-butanediamine.
- aromatic diamines including aromatic compounds containing amine groups directly attached to an aromatic ring, and aromatic compounds containing hydrocarbon or polyglycols to which are attached amine groups.
- the diamines are amine-terminated polypropylene glycol diamines.
- amine-terminated polypropylene glycol diamines can be represented by the formula:
- amine terminated polypropylene glycols examples include those commercially available under the trade designation "JEFFAMINE D" (from Huntsman Corp.).
- JEFFAMINE D-230 has a value of x of about 2.5 and a molecular weight of about 230
- JEFFAMINE D-400 has a value of x of about 6.1 and a molecular weight of about 430
- JEFFAMINE D-2000 has a value of x of about 33 and a molecular weight of about 2000
- JEFFAMINE D-4000 has a value of x of about 68 and a molecular weight of about 4000.
- polyalkylene glycol diamines examples include those commercially available under the trade designation 'JEFFAMINE ED" (from Huntsman Corp.). These polyalkylene glycol diamines may be represented by the general formula:
- y is about 2 to about 40; (x+z) is about 1 to about 6; and the molecular weight (MW) of the diamine ranges from about 200 to about 2000.
- unhindered diamines such as those commercially available under the trade designation "JEFFAM ⁇ NE EDR" (from Huntsman Corp.)- These unhindered diamines can be represented by the following general formula: H 2 N-(CH 2 ) x -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-(CH 2 )x-NH 2 where x ranges from about 2 to 3; and the molecular weight (MW) ranges from about 140 to about 180.
- Useful compounds for transesterif ⁇ cation include diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, pentanediols, hexanediols, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Also useful are polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutylene glycols of various lengths. Also useful are alkanolamine compounds. Alkanolamines refer to compounds that include both alcohol functionality and amine functionality. Alkanolamine compounds that contain active-hydrogen containing amine groups (e.g., primary and secondary amines) may participate in both amidation and transesterif ⁇ cation reactions.
- diols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,4-butanediol, pentanediols, hexanediols, and the like, and
- amidation reaction proceeds faster than the transesterif ⁇ cation reaction when these compounds are used.
- examples include monoethanolamine and diethanolamine.
- the amount of polyamine or polyol is selected to provide an amidated or transesterif ⁇ ed polyol having the desired properties. If the amount of polyamine or polyol incorporated into the amidated or transesterif ⁇ ed polyol is too low then the polyurethane polymer may not have the desired properties.
- the amount of polyamine or polyol used is effective to amidate or transesterify about 10% or greater of the glycerol fatty acid ester groups that are present in the oligomeric natural oil. In other embodiments, the amount of polyamine or polyol used is effective to amidate or transesterify about 50% or greater of the glycerol fatty acid ester groups that are present in the oligomeric natural oil.
- the amidated or transesterified polyol about 90% or less of the glycerol fatty acid ester groups that are initially present in the oligomeric natural oil remain intact after amidation or transesterif ⁇ cation. In other embodiments, about 50% or less of the glycerol fatty acid ester groups that are initially present in the oligomeric natural oil remain intact after amidation or transesterification. In some embodiments, the cleaving reaction is conducted by hydrogenation.
- Hydrogenation may be conducted, for example, by using processes and catalysts that are conventional in the art of hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
- a metal catalyst is used to promote hydrogenation.
- metal catalyst include nickel, copper, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, or iridium. Combinations of metals may also be used.
- Useful catalyst may be heterogeneous or homogeneous.
- Hydrogenation may be carried out in a batch or in a continuous process.
- a vacuum is pulled on the headspace of a stirred reaction vessel and the reaction vessel is charged with the oligomeric fatty acid ester.
- the oligomeric fatty acid ester is then heated to a desired temperature.
- the temperature ranges from about 50° C to 350° C, for example, about 100° C to 300° C or about 150° C to 250° C.
- the hydrogenation catalyst is then added to the reaction vessel. Hydrogen gas is then pumped into the reaction vessel to achieve a desired pressure of H2 gas. Typically, the H 2 gas pressure ranges from about 15 to 3000 psig, for example,. Under these conditions the hydrogenation reaction begins and the temperature is allowed to increase to the desired hydrogenation temperature, where it is maintained. When the hydrogenation is complete, the reaction mass is cooled and the resulting enhanced oligomeric polyol is discharged from the reaction vessel. Details of hydrogenation may be found, for example, in Bailey's Industrial Oil & Fat Products (Hui, Y.H,; 5 th Edition; Volume 2).
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols of the invention will comprise intercrosslinks.
- An intercrosslink functions to bond a fatty acid ester that is bound to one glycerol molecule with a fatty acid ester that is bound to a second glycerol molecule.
- the intercrosslinked pair is described as a "dimer”.
- three distinct glycerol fatty acid ester molecules are bound by intercrosslinks, it is referred to as a "trimer”. Higher order oligomers may also be present.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol of the invention comprises dimers, trimers, as well as higher order oligomers.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol is processed to separate out a desired species of oligomer, for example, to separate the dimer species. In this way a substantially homogenous enhanced oligomeric polyol product may be obtained.
- the cleaving reaction e.g., amidation or transesterification
- the cleaving reaction which cleaves a portion of the glycerol fatty acid ester bonds may also cause some of the fatty acid esters to be cleaved from the resulting enhanced oligomeric natural oil polyol.
- This reaction may cause a decrease in the molecular weight of the enhanced oligomeric polyol as compared to the molecular weight of the oligomeric fatty acid ester from which it is formed. Therefore, in many embodiments it is desirable to use an oligomeric fatty acid ester that has a higher molecular weight than the desired molecular weight of the final enhanced oligomeric natural oil polyol.
- the cleaving reaction may result in the formation of both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups in the resulting enhanced oligomeric polyol.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, and at least 50% hydroxyl functionality in the form of primary hydroxyl groups.
- amine functionality may be present in enhanced oligomeric polyol made by amidation as a result of the presence of partially reacted polyamine compounds.
- partially-reacted polyamine may result in the presence of primary amine functionality in amidated polyols.
- the extent of the cleaving reaction may be controlled to provide an enhanced oligomeric polyol having the desired functionality and hydroxyl number.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has a number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) about 10 or less, for example, about 9 or less, about 8 or less, about 7 or less, about 6 or less, about 5 or less, about 4 or less, about 3 or less, about 2 or less.
- the number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) ranges firom about 0.9 to about 3.0.
- the number average hydroxyl functionality (Fn) is about 1.0 or greater, or about 1. 5 or greater.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has a hydroxyl number (OH number) that ranges from about 10 to about 200mg KOH/g, or from about 20 to about 100 mg KOH/g.
- Hydroxyl number indicates the number of reactive hydroxyl groups available for reaction. It is expressed as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the hydroxyl content of one gram of the sample.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has a low acid value.
- Acid value is equal to the number.of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) that is required to neutralize the acid that is present in one gram of a sample of the polyol (i.e., mg KOH/gram).
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- a high acid value is undesirable because the acid may neutralize the amine catalyst causing a slowing of the isocyanate-polyol reaction rate.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has an acid value that is less than about 5 (mg KOH/gram), for example, less than about 4 (mg KOH/gram), less than about 3 (mg KOH/gram), less than about 2 (mg KOH/gram), or less than about 1 (mg KOH/gram).
- the acid value is less than about 1 (mg KOH/gram), for example, less than about 0.5 (mg KOH/gram), or from about 0.2 to about 0.5 (mg KOH/gram).
- the number average molecular weight (i.e., Mn) of the enhanced oligomeric polyol is about 1200 Da or greater, for example, about 1300 Da or greater, about 1400 Da or greater, or about 1500 Da or greater.
- the Mn is about 6000 Da or less, for example, about 4000 Da or less, or about 3500 Da or less.
- the Mn ranges from about 1200 Da to about 6000 Da, for example, about 1200 Da to 3500 Da.
- Number average molecular weight may be measured, for example, by GPC, light scattering, vapor pressure osmometry, end-group titration, and colligative properties.
- the weight average molecular weight (i.e., Mw) of the enhanced oligomeric polyol is about 2000 Da or greater, for example, about 3000 Da or greater, about 4000 Da or greater, about 5000 Da or greater.
- the Mw is about 20,000 Da or less, for example, about 10,000 Da or less, or about 6,000 Da or less.
- the Mw ranges from about 2000 Da to about 20,000 Da, for example, about 2000 Da to about 6,000 Da.
- Weight average molecular weight may be measured, for example, GPC, light scattering, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), X-ray scattering, and sedimentation velocity.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has a polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of about 1 to about 15, more typically ranging from about 1 to about 6.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has a viscosity at 25°C of about 20 Pa s (20,000 cps) or less, about 15 Pa s (15,000 cps) or less, about 12 Pa s (12,000 cps) or less, about 10 Pa s (10,000 cps) or less, or about 5 Pa s (5000 cps) or less.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol has few, if any, residual double bonds.
- One measure of the amount of double bonds in a substance is its iodine value (IV).
- the iodine value for a compound is the amount of iodine that reacts with a sample of a substance, expressed in centigrams iodine (I 2 ) per gram of substance (eg fe/gram).
- the polyol typically has an iodine value of about 50 or less, for example about 40 or less, about 30 or less, about 20 or less, about 10 or less, or about 5 or less.
- the polyol may have a higher iodine value, for example, about 100 or less.
- Polyols of the invention are suitable for use in polymers, for example, polyethers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and combinations (e.g., copolymers) thereof.
- Polyurethane Compositions are suitable for use in polymers, for example, polyethers, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and combinations (e.g., copolymers) thereof.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols of the invention are useful in polyurethanes.
- polyurethanes include foams, coatings, adhesives, elastomers sealants, and the like.
- polyurethane foams include slabstock foams (e.g., flexible slabstock foams) and molded foams. Rigid foams (e.g., for insulation) are also within the scope of the invention.
- Viscoelastic foams comprising certain enhanced oligomeric polyols are reported in U.S. Serial No. 60/859,337, entitled “Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams Comprising Amidated or Transesterif ⁇ ed Oligomeric Natural Oil Polyols", filed November 16, 2006.
- the polyurethanes may comprise the reaction product of: (a) a polyisocyanate; and (b) an isocyanate-reactive composition comprising an enhanced oligomeric polyol of the invention.
- the hydroxyl groups present on the enhanced oligomeric polyol chemically react with the isocyanate groups of the polyisocyanate to form urethane linkages.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol is chemically incorporated into a polyurethane polymer.
- the polyurethane compositions of the invention are useful in polyurethane foams, for example, in flexible slabstock and molded polyurethane foams.
- the amount of enhanced oligomeric polyol included in the isocyanate- reactive composition can be selected based upon the desired properties of the polyurethane.
- the isocyanate-reactive composition comprises about 10% wt. to about 90% wt. oligomeric polyol, for example, about 10% wt. to about 60% wt. oligomeric polyol, or about 15% wt. to about 40% wt. oligomeric polyol.
- the isocyanate-reactive composition comprises an enhanced oligomeric polyol of the invention and a petroleum-derived polyol.
- the isocyanate-reactive composition comprises about 10% wt. to about 90% wt. enhanced oligomeric polyol and about 10% wt. to about 90% wt. petroleum -derived polyol.
- the isocyanate- reactive composition comprises about 10% wt. to about 60% wt. enhanced oligomeric polyol and about 40% wt. to about 90% wt. petroleum-derived polyol.
- the isocyanate-reactive composition comprises about 15% wt. to about 40% wt. enhanced oligomeric polyol and about " 60% wt. to about 85% wt. petroleum-derived polyol.
- the petroleum-derived polyol is a triol.
- the term "triol” refers to a polyol that has an average of about 2.7 to about 3.1 hydroxyl groups per molecule.
- the triol has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 3000 Da to about 3500 Da.
- Representative examples of commercially available petroleum-derived triols include those available under the trade designations ARCOL F3040, ARCOL F3022, and ARCOL 3222 (from Bayer), PLURACOL 1385 and PLURACOL 1388 (from BASF), VORANOL 3322, VORANOL 3010, VORANOL 3136, and VORANOL 3512A (from Dow).
- useful polyisocyanates include those having an average of at least about 2.0 isocyanate groups per molecule. Both aliphatic and aromatic polyisocyanates can be used. Examples of suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include 1 ,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexam ethylene diisocyanate, 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate, cyclobutane-l,3-diisocyanate, cyclohexane-1,3- and 1 ,4-diisocyanate, l,5-diisocyanato-3,3,5- trimethylcyclohexane, hydrogenated 2,4-and/or 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI), isophorone diisocyanate, and the like.
- H12MDI 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
- aromatic polyisocyanates examples include 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDl), and blends thereof, 1,3- and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4'- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (including mixtures thereof with minor quantities of the 2,4'-isomer) (MDl), 1 ,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, triphenylmethane-4,4',4"- triisocyanate, polyphenylpolymethylene polyisocyanates (PMDI), and the like.
- TDI 2,4-toluene diisocyanate
- TDl 2,6-toluene diisocyanate
- MDl 4,4'- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (including mixtures thereof with minor quantities of the 2,4'-isomer)
- MDl 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate
- Derivatives and prepolymers of the foregoing polyisocyanates such as those containing urethane, carbodiimide, allophanate, isocyanurate, acylated urea, biuret, ester, and similar groups, may be used as well.
- the amount of polyisocyanate preferably is sufficient to provide an isocyanate index of about 60 to about 120, preferably about 70 to about 110, and, in the case of high water formulations (i.e., formulations containing at least about 5 parts by weight water per 100 parts by weight of other active hydrogen-containing materials in the formulation), from about 70 to about 90.
- isocyanate index refers to a measure of the stoichiometric balance between the equivalents of isocyanate used to the total equivalents of water, polyols and other reactants. An index of 100 means enough isocyanate is provided to react with all compounds containing active hydrogen atoms.
- useful catalysts include tertiary amine compounds and organometallic compounds.
- useful tertiary amine compounds include triethylenediamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diethyl ethanolamine, N-coco morpholine, l-methyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl piperazine, 3- methoxy-N-dimethylpropylamine, N,N-diethyl-3-diethylarninopropylamine, dimethylbenzyl amine, bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether, and the like.
- Tertiary amine catalysts are advantageously used in an amount from about 0.01 to about 5, preferably from about 0.05 to about 2 parts per 100 parts by weight of the active hydrogen-containing materials in the formulation.
- useful organometallic catalysts include organic salts of metals such as tin, bismuth, iron, zinc, and the like, with the organotin catalysts being preferred.
- Suitable organotin catalysts include dimethyltindilaurate, dibutyltindilaurate, stannous octoate, and the like.
- Other suitable catalysts are taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,846,408, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- about 0.001 to about 1.0 parts by weight of an organometallic catalyst is used per 100 parts by weight of the active hydrogen-containing materials in the formulation. Blends of catalysts may also be used.
- a blowing agent is used.
- a blowing agent is a gas or other substance that is capable of producing a gas during formation of the polyurethane. Blowing agents are typically used to make polyurethane foams.
- Suitable blowing agents include water, liquid carbon dioxide, acetone, methylene chloride, and pentane, with water being preferred.
- the blowing agent is used in an amount sufficient to provide the desired foam density and indentation force deflection (IFD).
- IFD foam density and indentation force deflection
- additives that may be included in the formulation include surfactants, catalysts, cell size control agents, cell opening agents, colorants, antioxidants, preservatives, static dissipative agents, plasticizers, crosslinking agents, flame retardants, and the like.
- useful surfactants include silicone surfactants and the alkali metal salts of fatty acids.
- the silicone surfactants e.g., block copolymers of an alkylene oxide and a dimethylsiloxane, are preferred, with "low fog" grades of silicone surfactants being particularly preferred.
- a static dissipative agent may be included in the formulation during foam preparation, or used to treat the finished foam.
- Useful examples include non-volatile, ionizable metal salts, optionally in conjunction with an enhancer compound, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,806,571, 4,618,630, and 4,617,325. Of particular interest is the use of up to about 3 weight percent of sodium tetraphenylboron or a sodium salt of a perfluorinated aliphatic carboxylic acid having up to about 8 carbon atoms.
- the polyurethane compositions are suitable for flexible slabstock polyurethane foams.
- Flexible slabstock polyurethane foams can be manufactured using conventional slabstock foaming equipment, for example, commercial box-foamers, high or low pressure continuous foam machines, crowned block process, rectangular block process (See, e.g., Draka, Petzetakis, Hennecke, Planiblock, EconoFoam, and Maxfoam processes), or verti-foam process.
- the slabstock foam is produced under reduced pressure.
- VPF variable pressure foaming
- the complete conveyor section of the foaming machine is provided in an airtight enclosure. This technique allows for the control of foam density and the production of foam grades that may otherwise be difficult to produce. Details of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams and slabstock foaming processes are reported, for example, in Chapters 5 and 9 of Flexible Polyurethane Foams, edited by Herrington and Hock, (2nd Edition, 1997, Dow Chemical Company).
- Step 1 Preparation of Oligomeric Ring-Opened Epoxidized Soybean Oil Polyols (Oligomeric polyol (OP-I))
- the bottom layer containing the ethylene glycol was removed and the upper layer containing the oligomeric polyol (OP-I) was transferred to a round bottom flask where it was neutralized with ammonium carbonate (0.1% by weight of the oligomeric polyol).
- the neutralized oligomeric polyol was then transferred to a wipe-film evaporator.
- the wall temperature of the evaporator was 120 0 C.
- Step 2 Preparation of Enhanced Oligomeric Polyols (Enhanced oligomeric polyol (EOP-I))
- oligomeric polyols (OP-I) were converted to enhanced oligomeric polyols (EOP-I) by reaction with ethylene glycol in the presence of potassium methoxide.
- the mixture of the oligomeric polyol, ethylene glycol, and potassium methoxide was heated to 160 0 C and was stirred for 15 minutes. Specific amounts and conditions for the samples are presented in TABLE 1.2 TABLE 1.2
- EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Enhanced Oligomeric Polyol (EOP 2.1) by Transesterification of Ring-Opened Epoxides Derived from Soybean Oil
- ESBO epoxidized soybean oil
- Step 2 Transesterification of OP-2.1 was performed at 160 0 C for 15 minutes. Following transesterification, the product was transferred to a wipe-film evaporator. The wall temperature of the evaporator was 120 0 C and the vacuum was set at 1 mm Hg. After removal of the ethylene glycol, a known weight of ethylene glycol (50 g) was added to the mixture to reduce the viscosity.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyol EOP-2.1 isolated from this process is characterized in TABLES 2.1-2.3. TABLE 2.1 Properties of EOP-2.1
- EXAMPLE 3 Transesterification of Ring-Opened Epoxides Derived from Soybean Oil to form Enhanced Oligomeric Polyol (EOP-3). (Effect of transesterification catalysts)
- Step 1 hrstep 1 three different oligomeric polyol (A, B, and C) were synthesized in order to prepare OP-3.
- HBF4 methanol, and ethylene glycol were put in a three-neck round bottom jacketed reaction flask equipped with a reflux condenser and a mechanical stirrer. The mixture was preheated to 100 0 C.
- the mixture of polyol and ethylene glycol was then transferred into a separatory funnel and was left for several hours.
- the bottom layer i.e., the ethylene glycol /methanol layer
- the upper polyol layer was transferred to a round bottom flask and was neutralized with ammonium carbonate (0.1% per polyols weight).
- the material was then transferred to the wipe- film evaporator.
- the wall temperature in the evaporator was 120 0 C.
- the reaction conditions are set forth in TABLE 3.4 and the polyol characteristics are provided in TABLES 3.5 to 3.6.
- oligomeric polyol 200 gm of an oligomeric polyol (OP-3) was mixed with 4 grams of ethylene glycol and 0.1 %wt. of Fascat 4350 (Atofina Chemicals) in a three neck round bottom reaction flask equipped with a reflux condenser and a mechanical stirrer. The contents were mixed and reacted at 200° C using Ca(OH)2. The reactor was purged with nitrogen during the reaction. After the reaction was stopped, the reaction mixture was transferred to a round bottom flask and neutralized with ammonium carbonate (0.1% by weight of OP-3). The neutralized material was then transferred to a wipe-film evaporator. The wall temperature of the evaporator was 120 0 C.
- the enhanced oligomeric polyols isolated from this process are characterized in TABLE 3.11. Also shown are the characteristics of oligomeric polyol OP-3 which was used as the starting material for Step 2.
- ESBO Flexible Plasticizer ESO from Dow Chemical Co. a yellow viscous liquid having the following properties: viscosity of 171 cSt , total epoxide of 7.0 wt.%, IV of 0.9, acid number of 0.2 mg KOH/g, and hydroxyl value of 7 mg KOH/g) was added to a mixture containing 4.4 grams of fluoroboric acid (48% in water from Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, WI) and 120 grams of methanol (certified ACS grade from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) in a 10-liter reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, water-cooled condenser, and cooling coil.
- fluoroboric acid 48% in water from Aldrich Chemicals, Milwaukee, WI
- methanol certified ACS grade from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA
- the mixture was stirred and warmed to 35°C, at which point an exotherm occurred and the temperature quickly rose to 84°C accompanied by extensive foaming despite water cooling being applied. After the temperature returned to 60° C, the mixture was stirred for one additional hour.
- the heating source was removed and 2 liters of toluene and 50 grams of a weakly-basic macroporous anion-exchange resin (Lewatit MP 64 from Sybron Chemicals, Birmingham, NJ) were added to the reactor. Stirring was continued for one hour and the temperature was allowed to fall naturally.
- the mixture was filtered, and the resulting filtrate was place on a rotary evaporator to remove volatiles.
- Step 2 (EOP-4.1): Preparation of Enhanced Oligomeric Polyol (EOP-4.1 ) by amidationof Oligomeric Polyol (OP-4.1)
- EXAMPLE 4.2 Preparation of Enhanced Oligomeric Polyols (EOP-4.3) by Amidation of Ethylene Glycol Ring-Opened Oligomeric Polyols.
- Fully epoxidized soybean oil (3,713 g) was added to a 1OL reactor equipped with a mechanical mixer, condenser, thermometer, and heating mantle.
- Ethylene glycol (185 g) and HBF 4 (48% in water, 7.5 g) were added and the mixture heated slowly to about 80° C where it was maintained for 2 hours.
- the reaction mixture reached a maximum temperature of about 89°C.
- Lewatite MP64 (100 g) ion- exchange resin was added and was stirred for 1 hour.
- the mixture was then diluted with 1 gallon of acetone to help with filtration.
- the mixture was then filtered to remove the resin.
- the solvent was then removed using a rotary evaporator.
- the material was further dried under a high vacuum.
- oligomeric polyol weighed 3,791 g. Traces of residual ethylene glycol were removed using a wiped-f ⁇ lm evaporator. The properties of oligomeric polyol OP-4.2 are shown in TABLE 4.3.
- Step 2 Amidation of Oligomeric Polyol (OP-4.2) to form Enhanced Oligomeric Polyol (EOP-4.3)
- oligomeric polyol OP-4.2 and 40 g diethanolamine (99% purity from Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) were mixed at room temperature in a two-liter three-armed round bottomed flask equipped with a water-cooled condenser, thermometer, and mechanical stirrer. After the flask was flushed by N 2 for 10-15 minutes, the content of the flask was heated to about 125°C while stirring. The stirring was continued and temperature maintained for a total of 18 hours. The temperature was then allowed to fall to about 70 0 C. The resulting enhanced oligomeric polyol EOP-4.3 was a reddish brown viscous liquid and weighed 1,037 g. The properties of enhanced oligomeric polyol EOP-4.3 are shown in TABLE 4.4.
- Step 1 Oligomeric polyol OP-5.1 was prepared from fully epoxidized soybean oil that was ring-opened by water. Properties of polyol OP-5.1 are shown in TABLE 5.2.
- Step 2 First, 987 grams of ring-opened epoxidized soybean oil (OP-5.1), 50 grams of diethanolamine (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), and 600 mL of toluene were charged to a 2-liter three-armed round bottom flask that was equipped with a water- cooled condenser, thermometer, and magnetic stir bar. After the flask was flushed by N 2 for 10 minutes, the contents of the flask were heated to about 125°C while stirring. The stirring was continued, and the temperature was maintained for a total of 20 hours. The temperature was then allowed to drop to about 7O 0 C and the product was transferred to a rotary evaporator to remove the volatiles.
- OP-5.1 ring-opened epoxidized soybean oil
- diethanolamine Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium
- the starting materials for EXAMPLE 6 consisted of bodied linseed oil and bodied soybean oil.
- KCZ5/6 bodied linseed oil is commercially available from Cargill, Incorporated (Minneapolis, MN).
- Z6 bodied linseed oil is commercially available from Davis-Frost Company (Minneapolis, MN).
- the bodied linseed oil and bodied soybean oil are characterized in TABLE 6.1.
- the polyols used for the transesterifi cation reaction that had only primary hydroxyls typically required a lower catalyst concentration (e.g., about 0.05-0.1%) and shorter reaction times (e.g., about 4 h).
- the polyols having primary and secondary hydroxyls typically require a higher catalyst concentration (e.g., about 0.1%) and longer reaction time (e.g., about 6h).
- EXAMPLE 7.1 Oligomerized soybean oil from Cargill (7578 grams, 11,470 cp), triethanol amine (219 grams, Dow), and FasCat 4350 (7.8 g, Arkema) were charged to a 12-Liter round bottom flask equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, temperature controller and heating mantle. The reaction mixture was heated to 90- 95 0 C and degassed by applying vacuum and breaking to nitrogen. The reaction was then heated to 170 0 C. Viscosity decreased throughout the reaction, which was stopped when the viscosity leveled off. The unf ⁇ ltered amber product was bright and clear. Product properties are shown in TABLE 7.1.
- EXAMPLE 7.2 This synthesis was conducted by the procedure described in Example 7.1 using oligomerized soybean oil (7579 grams), triethanol amine (446 grams), and FasCat 4350 (8,.O g). The unf ⁇ ltered amber product was bright and clear. Product properties are shown in TABLE 7.1.
- EXAMPLE 7.3 Oligomerized soybean oil from Cargill (2302 grams, 11,470 cp), PEG 200 (199 grams, Dow), and FasCat 4350 (2.5 grams, Arkema) were charged to a 5-Liter round bottom flask equipped with an agitator, thermocouple, temperature controller and heating mantle. The reaction mixture was heated to 90-95°C and degassed by applying vacuum and breaking to nitrogen. The reaction was then heated to 170 0 C and held at 170 0 C for 6 hours, after which it was allowed to cool to room temperature. The unfiltered amber product was bright and clear. Product properties are shown in TABLE 7.1.
- EXAMPLE 7.4 This synthesis was conducted by the procedure described in Example 7.3 using oligomerized soybean oil (2236 grams), PEG 200 (266 grams), and FasCat 4350 (2.5 grams) and a 4.5 hour reaction time. The unfiltered amber product was bright and clear. Product properties are shown in TABLE 7.1.
- EXAMPLE 7.5 This synthesis was conducted by the procedure described in Example 7.3 using oligomerized soybean oil (2168 grams), PEG 200 (334 grams), and FasCat 4350 (2.5 g) and a 4.5 hour reaction time. The unfiltered amber product was bright and clear. Product properties are shown in TABLE 7.1.
- EXAMPLE 8 Preparation and Testing of Polvurethane Foams Comprising Enhanced Oligomeric Polyols Materials
- Polyol F3022 a petroleum-derived, nominal 3000 molecular weight triol having a hydroxyl number of 54.3 mg KOH/g and an acid number of 0.03 mg KOH/gram (commercially available under the trade designation "ARCOL F-3022” from Bayer).
- Amine BLl 1 - a blowing catalyst consisting of 70% bis(dimethylaminoethyl)ether and 30% dipropylene glycol (commercially available under the trade designation "DABCO BL-I l" from Air Products).
- Tin K29 stannous octoate catalyst (commercially available from Degussa).
- Silicone BF-2370 silicone surfactant (from Goldschmidt).
- TDI toluene diisocyanate.
- Foams comprising the enhanced oligomeric polyols of the invention were prepared and tested as described below.
- the formulation required amount of TDI was weighed out into a 50 ml plastic beaker and was set near the mixing station.
- B-side Preparation A 400 ml plastic beaker was positioned on an electric scale. Next, the formulation required amount of polyol(s) were added to the beaker. Next, the formulation required amount of silicone surfactant and amine catalyst were added to the beaker. Next, the formulation required amount of tin catalyst and water were added to the batch. The temperature of the B-side was adjusted so that upon mixing with the polyisocyanate the combined mixture had a temperature of 19.2° ⁇ 0.3° C. The batch was mixed with an electric, lab duty mixer (Delta ShopMaster brand, Model DP- 200, 10 inch shop drill press) equipped with a 2" mixing blade (ConnBlade Brand, Model ITC from Conn Mixers Co.) for 19 seconds at 2340 rpm.
- an electric, lab duty mixer (Delta ShopMaster brand, Model DP- 200, 10 inch shop drill press) equipped with a 2" mixing blade (ConnBlade Brand, Model ITC from Conn Mixers Co.) for 19 seconds at 2340 r
- the A-side was then added to the B-side and the combined formulation was mixed for 6 seconds. Following this, the mixture was poured into an 83 ounce cup and was al lowed to free rise. The foam and cup were then placed into a temperature- controlled oven at 100° C for 15 minutes to cure. At the end of the oven cure, the foam was permitted to cure overnight. After curing overnight, the foam was conditioned for 72 hours at 25° C and 50% relative humidity before testing for physical properties. The foam formulations and physical property test data are reported in TABLES 8.1-8.2.
Abstract
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US12/226,696 US8440783B2 (en) | 2006-04-27 | 2007-04-27 | Enhanced oligomeric polyols and polymers made therefrom |
BRPI0710803-6A BRPI0710803A2 (en) | 2006-04-27 | 2007-04-27 | enhanced oligomeric polyols and polymers made from the same |
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WO2009026426A1 (en) * | 2007-08-21 | 2009-02-26 | Renosol Systems, Llc | Isocyanato terminated precursor and method of making the same |
US7696370B2 (en) | 2006-05-09 | 2010-04-13 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Soy based polyols |
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- 2007-04-27 BR BRPI0710803-6A patent/BRPI0710803A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-27 US US12/226,696 patent/US8440783B2/en active Active
- 2007-04-27 EP EP07756109A patent/EP2010587A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-04-30 AR ARP070101863A patent/AR060721A1/en unknown
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